Pugwash Policy Brief: The NPT at a Crossroads

27 April 2026

To coincide with the 11th NPT Review Conference, Pugwash has published the first in a new series of Pugwash-Carnegie Policy Briefs on Science and World Affairs.

International Perspectives and Policy Priorities for the 11th Review Conference of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 2026” brings together 12 expert analyses from members of the Pugwash Council and the International Student/Young Pugwash on a variety of technical issues and regional perspectives.

The Pugwash-Carnegie Policy Briefs on Science and World Affairs are commissioned and published by the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs. The series provides concise, evidence-based insights on issues at the intersection of science and international politics, supporting informed decisionmaking by policymakers, stakeholders, and the public.

Table of Contents

Recommitting to the NPT: Urgent Actions to Prevent a New Nuclear Era
Karen Hallberg, Hussain Al-Shahristani, Götz Neuneck

NPT at the Edge:  Five Critical Issues at the 2026 Review Conference
Cesar Jaramillo

Strengthened Review Process: Foundations, Flexibility, and Recommendations for Effective Conference Management
Tariq Rauf

Preparing For a Successful 11th NPT Review Conference
Taous Feroukhi

Nuclear Threats in the Middle East: Nuclear Proliferation or a Renewed Pursuit of a Middle East NWFZ
Khaled Shamaa and Reza Ziaran

Perspectives on the NPT from East Asia
 Mark Suh and Tatsu Suzuki

European Perspective on the 11th NPT Review Conference
Götz Neuneck

The Nordic Nuclear Debate in a Shifting Security Landscape
Thomas Jonter and Katariina Simonen

Nonproliferation Cluster of Agreements as a Core of Six Arms Control Paradigms
Alexander Nikitin

Three Incentive-Compatible Mechanisms for the Next NPT Review Cycle
 Joel N. E. Christoph

Scientific Influence and Emerging Nuclear Risk: Transparency and Agency in the NPT
Haneen Khalid

Why the promise of Pillar 3 is on shaky ground this NPT Review Conference
Sanaa Alvira